‘My parents kept me from children who were rough’ by Stephen Harold Essay

Introduction: Sir Stephen Harold spender was an English poet, novelist, and essayist who concentrated on themes of social justice and the class struggle in his work, (February 28, 1909, London- July 16 1955). Stephen spender took a keen interest in politics and declared himself to be a socialist and pacifist. This poem is about a boy who longs to be part of a group of children who he looks up to. I think the poet is writing about himself because he uses a lot of words like ‘my’, ‘me’ and ‘I’. Analysis: The fist line seems to blame the Parents of the situation, and only after finishing the poem, you understand that is was actually the parents fault. In the first paragraph the poet introduces some of the things the children do. The poet writes about them throwing â€Å"Words like Stones†, this indicates that the language would hurt him, it was insulting. He also writes about how they dress and take off their clothes. The children wear rags and ‘torn clothes’, these boys wore such torn and ragged clothes that he could actually see their thighs where the clothes were torn. â€Å"They ran in the street†, as a middle class boy, his parents probably would not allow him to play in the streets. â€Å"And climbed cliffs and stripped by the country streams†, these boys could go wherever they wanted, without parental supervision. This gives the idea that the children have a reckless nature, they are the lower class. This is a gang of kids that the author was not allowed to hang around, but he must have felt very lonely. He is quick to show the misery of their situation. The second verse, it tells movement of a jerking action. I think this is effective because it helps paint a picture in the reader’s head of the boy â€Å"jerking† under the boy’s knees, of the violence involved when they attack him. He was frightened of these boys, because they would fight him, and pin him to the ground, kneeling on him so he couldn’t escape. Perhaps they hit him as well. (Jerking hands) â€Å"I feared the salt coarse pointing of those boys who copied my lisp behind me on the road†, He was frightened by the way they pointed at him in a rude way, and mimicked the way he spoke. The third verse shows, that these boys were strong, agile boys, who would lie in wait for him to pass by. They hid behind hedges, and as he drew near they leapt out at him, â€Å"barking like dogs† or shouting roughly. They threw mud at him, and he could not retaliate, but had to keep walking, and pretend it was funny. But actually, it was frightening and hurtful. He really wanted to be friends with them, and play their rough games, but they never invited him, he was just the object of their scorn. The contrasts again between weak and strong, lithe, sprang, barked. Those are all strong words suggesting that he was bullied by the local ‘gang’ of street children. He was excluded from their community because of his class and his lisp. He seems to be envious of their freedom, the freedom that â€Å"rough kids† take for granted. There seems to be two existing worlds, one of the lower class, and the other the middle class, this seems to create an invisible barrier between the two worlds. The children and the boy are all jealous, jealousy works both ways. The middle class boy wants to change his life, he see’s the bully’s to be free, though he is not, and they see him to have everything he’s ever wanted, but either way no ones happy, he wants to spend a day in their shoes. The poem is set as 3 stanzas, quatrain, the lines 1 and 2 are erratic. There is a lot of alliteration, for example, climbed, cliffs, and country. Conclusion: The poem is about rich vs. poor, over all in the poem â€Å"My parents kept me from children who were rough† a young boy is being bullied by rough and strong boys who intimidate him, so his parents have chosen to keep him away from them. It also brings in two worlds of childhood, the lower and higher of children.

Differentiation: the Key to Leadership

If you manage to lead the way, you win the game. In the ever-changing context of the business world, firms need to struggle hard to win the games going on in the market and one of the ways in which a firm can not only lead the way but also win the game is through differentiation to earn market leadership (Neray). This essay gives an account of how a firm can build up its leadership in the marketplace using the ever-reliable strategy of differentiation. Every firm which operates in competitive markets needs to fish for its market shares form its competitors; the competitors, in turn, also have their rods in the same pool.Thus in order to be impressive and catchy, a firm needs to become unique in one way or the other. The answer to this query comes form the strategy of differentiation as it provides a firm with the uniqueness that is valuable to buyers beyond simply offering a low price. Though differentiation has its own costs, it supplies the firm an edge over its competitors. In oth er words the firm is able to build up a strong competitive advantage over the rivals. Consequently, the customers are willing to pay a price premium which not only covers the costs but also earns a firm profit (Grant, 271).Besides attracting customers, differentiation also fosters a leading image of the firm among customers in the market as well (Daye). The most powerful legacy of differentiation is leadership (Daye). Thus Neray writes, â€Å"Differentiation-based leadership places the onus of grasping, defining and communicating that differentiation on the shoulders of the leader, and extends the concept to encompass every area of business — including the leader him or herself†. Thus, â€Å"leadership comes in many flavors, any of which can be an effective way to differentiate yourself† (Daye).We, hence, come to the conclusion that differentiation strategies are not meant only to pursue uniqueness for the sake of being different but for leading the way (Grant, 272). How, then, does differentiation work? As a matter of fact, the characteristics of the product allow a firm a range of differentiation opportunities. To be successful, however, firms need to consider both the capabilities of the firm to create differentiation (the supply side) and its customers (the demand side).The differentiation through the supply side as well the demand side leads not only to the creation of a cost-effective value for the customers but, resultantly, differentiation advantage and market leadership too for the firm (271). Moreover, the consideration of the demand side and the supply side helps an organization in understanding its customers in relation to its product’s potentials and capabilities. However, establishing and maintaining differentiation advantage requires creativity (272).The most important rule of differentiation is the understanding of the product in terms of the complexity of satisfying physical or tangible needs of customers (273). Mor e complex products offer better opportunities for differentiation. Nonetheless, product satisfaction is primarily only a mental perception and is limited only by the boundaries of the human imagination. Thus differentiation relates to every aspect of customer’s life as well as is related to all activities within the organization, its identity and culture.Differentiation, nevertheless, results in both tangible as well intangible impacts on customers as well as firms. Resultantly, when a customer values a product, she in fact values the firm. Thus differentiation is such an equilibrium which equates firm’s potential and reputation- supply- to customer’s complex choices- demand (274). The Demand Side of Differentiation Leadership encompasses value propositions, brand promises, strategic competitive advantages and all other diverse marketing terms, which the customer values, grounded in the same fundamental principal of differentiation (Neray).Therefore, understandi ng customer demand enables us to determine which product characteristics create value for customers (Grant, 276). Virtually all products and services serve multiple customer needs and thus have multiple attributes (277). For that reason, customer’s demand may be viewed as the demand for the underlying attributes that a product provides. The selection of optimal attribute, in turn, is what makes it possible to earn a price premium for each attribute (279). In addition to his, the optimal provision of attributes to the customers creates the advantage and the leadership prospects among other rivals in the market (280).Customers have varied motivational factor guiding them in valuing certain attributes of a product or service. Besides looking for merely the survival aspects of satisfaction to be driven from the purchase, customers are also looking for establishing their own identity with in their communities, and making sense of what is happening around them. Therefore, the impli cations of differentiation are far reaching and require the understanding of different aspects of customer’s demand; for example, the lifestyles, aspirations, sex, age, income and other demographic, socioeconomic, psychographic characteristics.The understanding by firm of all these variables and the resulting response to them form the basis for driving customer’s behavior (280) and building up of a leadership position among all the stakeholders including customers, employees, strategic partners, investors and especially the competitors (Neray). Though, the choice of market scope has vital implications; in a broad-based market differentiation, understanding common needs o f the customers ascertains a firm’s rule over the market if the supply conditions are capable of capitalizing over such understanding (Grant, 282). The Supply Side of DifferentiationThey say that the most often-used strategy by leaders is proclaiming how well they sell (Daye). Creating market le adership through differentiation rests on a firm’s ability to offer differentiation or to supply the differentiation. In this regard, the activities a firm performs and the resources it has access to are of extreme importance. As mentioned earlier, differentiation is concerned with the creation of uniqueness, a firm’s ability to create uniqueness that its customers would value lies in everything that it does including product features, product performance, complementary services (e.g. , credit, delivery, repair) , intensity of marketing activities, technology embodied in design and manufacture and the quality of purchased inputs (Grant, 283).A firm’s activities can distinguish it from its rivals, let it achieve the highest level of productivity and efficiency and create the value what sets it apart (Neray). Thus, instead of looking for core strengths and passions, firms need to apply such a leadership scenario where companies have products that are big performer s and, in turn, are able to separate them from other lesser-performing competitors (Daye).Thus, the establishment of a coherent and effective differentiation position in the marketplace requires that the firm assemble a complementary package of differentiation activities (Grant, 285) which are capable of maintaining organizational integrity and are ultimately responsible for crafting the values and the images with which its products as well as its reputation is associated (286). One of the most important capabilities, in this regard, is the technological breakthroughs that can help firms to form of leadership as a differentiator (Daye).Once the differentiation has been created, the development of leadership then rests on how effective it is communicated to customers (Grant, 287; Neray). Brand names created through differentiation and the advertising that supports it act as important signals of quality and consistency which are valuable assets (Grant, 288). Thus, being articulate in the marketplace itself is a character forming uniqueness laying the foundation of the leadership style. Moreover, discovering, acknowledging and valuing what sets a firm apart from it rivals lie at the heart of differentiation-based leadership (Neray).The Molding of the Value Chain Once the leadership through differentiation is built up, judicious leaders will solidify their positions throughout their value chain (Daye). The value chain of market leaders is woven within the match of the firm’s capacity for creating differentiation to the attributes that customers value most. The use of the value chain to identify opportunities for differentiation-based leadership involves some principal stages. At first, it is useful to consider a firm further downstream in the value chain and not only the immediate customer.Sometimes, however, it is better to create separate value chains for distinguished customers. Secondly, identification of the drivers of uniqueness in each activity a fir m performs contributes to differentiation and the uniqueness can be effectively achieved. Thirdly, selection of the most important and promising activities and variables form the basis for the firm’s differentiation strategy. Finally the firm’s ability to locate the linkages between the firm’s capabilities and the customers needs results in the completion of forming the value chain conducive to developing the differentiation-based leadership (Grant, 290).These four stages together form the process of self-discovery and identity that firms harness as the center of their authenticity and become powerful leaders (Neray). Differentiation is a trusted strategy businesses pursue to develop sustainable competitive advantage over their rivals. If followed trough strengthened coordination of organizational capabilities throughout the value chain and the value perception of the customers in ways better than all other rivals, the strategy of differentiation strategy may re sult in a form of such an elite differentiation advantage we can call differentiated-based leadership.

How Many Miles to Babylon Essay

Describe Alecs journey and discuss the valuable insight or lessons that you gained through the study of the theme of the journey? The novel how many miles to Babylon by Jennifer Johnson highlights Alec Moore’s tragic journey. We see his journey true childhood to adulthood. Interestingly, the novel begins at the end of Alec’s journey as he waits execution â€Å"because I am no officer & a gentlemen they have given me my notebook, ink, pen, paper† and comes full circle. Immediately we wonder how Alec someone so high up in the war is being executed, then as we read on we begin to realise how his journey through life has left him isolated and cold, returning to his prison cell at the close of the novel. Despite Alec’s privileged background or rather because of it, I now realise that the heart breaking ending was inevitable. Having studied the protagonists journey I have gained many insights into how isolated children can be despite having a privileged background, isolation and control his mother had over him was a major obstacle, with the support of friendship obstacles can seem meaningless, psychology and Alec’s coping strategies, the impact the journey had on the protagonist and how people dealt with the trauma of war differently. Alec led a very controlled and confined life due to his mothers control and rein over him. Throughout the novel we see how Alec’s mother has very little love for him which makes Alec the way he is, Alec has a dysfunctional family and a cruel cold hearted mother who shows no sense of motherly love towards him. He grew up as a lonely young boy â€Å"As a child I was alone†¦ I was isolated from surrounding children of my own age†. Alec once said â€Å"if I were to be born again I would choose to be a rook. They lead such joyful, public lives† unlike him, from this we can note that Alec is very unhappy in his life. Despite Alecs privileged life with no shortage of material goods he was deprived love and compassion from his mother. His parents were only together for appearances and status. We know this from when Alec says â€Å"My father’s face would show little emotion†. The insight I gained from send him to this was that â€Å"money really cannot buy you happiness†. During the novel we see how isolation plays a major obstacle in Alec’s journey. Alec wasn’t allowed go to school â€Å"he is delicate, Frederick my dear† From this quote it is clear how controlled Alec is by Alicia and the power she has over her so, she isolates him. As we know his mother controlled his life and had a big influence on his journey. Alec was cut off socially in many aspects. Alicia was not happy about him making friends this is clear when she sends Europe to stop his friendship with Frederick. In her eyes it is an â€Å"unsuitable relationship†. Alec’s mother Alicia had a powerful upper hand over her son. Whatever she wanted was done. Her orders were obeyed. It wasn’t until the end of the novel that we see Alec trying to get back at his mother which costs him his own life. Alec went to war because his mother wanted him to â€Å"I want you to go for all the right reasons as well as a few of the wrong ones†. From this we can note that Alicia has the last say in everything and is the decision maker. She forced Alec to go to war just so she could boast to her women friends over lunch about having a son in the war. But that didn’t work out as well as planned as Alec deliberately orchestrated his own execution. Therefore Alicia couldn’t gloat about her son being off at war and most certainly couldn’t tell them how he died as this was something to be ashamed of in her eyes. The power of friendship between Jerry and Alec helped the protagonist through his journey. The insight I gained from this was friendship is vital, it can help you through some of the hardest things in life and we see this at first hand in the novel â€Å"How Many Miles†. Alec for the first time experienced love; he had never experienced this emotion before up to this point he was a very emotionless character. Alec and Jerry were so in sync and understood each other so well â€Å"the beating of our hearts was like the cracking wings of a swan†. Jerry and Alec were like â€Å"tweedledum and tweedledee†. They both were extremely close and very innocent â€Å"ever had a sup before?’ I considered my chances of getting away with a lie and then shook my head†, â€Å"I’d of thought you’d have been with a girl†. From this we can take that both of these characters were very innocent and open with each other, they have great trust in one another and can confide in each other. Their friendship was the only thing Alec had; they never let each other down and always supported one another. From my reading of the novel I learnt that Alec and Jerry always had each other’s backs â€Å"of course I’ll speak for you but my voice is not very loud†. From this quote it certifies that my above statement is true. With the support of Jerry on Alec’s journey, his obstacles of isolation, Alicia, Glendenning, no father figure and his Anglo/Irish class all seem meaningless and in ways we can see Alec’s life improve after he befriends Jerry. I gained a very valuable insight that friendship is vital in every walk of life and it really can make problems seem meaningless when you feel you have someone else on your side willing to take the fall with you. I learnt a very valuable lesson on psychology trough out this novel. From the very beginning right up until the end we see how twisted and devious Alicia is. She is willing to put her only child’s life at risk by forcing him off to war, his opinion does not matter. The way Alicia’s mind functions is very interesting. I personally was engrossed with Alicia’s character. I had never even considered the fact that one’s mother could have such a negative influence on her own child’s life especially in these circumstances where Alec’s mother present and the wealthy background they had. Alicia also intentionally sets out to upset her child when she drops the bomb shell â€Å"Perhaps he were not your father†. This really helps me understand how crafty and devious Alec’s mother is. I had never even anticipated how cruel a mother could be to her own flesh and blood. She was so blunt and carefree. I also found it tantalizing on how Alec evoked his mother. He obeyed her wish about going to war but purposely left early so Alicia could not celebrate his departure with the neighbours like she had planned. Also how Alec did not write to his mother at the start, he rejected his mother. Alec also made sure that Alicia did not get her way at the very end when he orchestrated his own execution. He felt he had no more reason to live, nothing worth to live for â€Å"I love no living person†. This really emphasises how Alec did not have any love for his mother. I learnt a valuable lesson on psychology and an insight into how Alec and Alicia feel about each other. How their relationship is not a usual mother/son type. Alec dealt with issues in his life a very different way than most, he would try his utmost best to ignore the problem and forget it even happened. Alec was like a child in the way he dealt with his problems; he didn’t stand up and face the face problem head on like most men. The title â€Å"How Many Miles to Babylon† is a perfect example of this; it is a nursery rhyme which hints to us that Alec is not very mature with his coping strategies. He also uses escapism as a way to block out the real issue, a perfect example of this is his plan to open up a riding school with Jerry. Which he knows deep down is not going to happen but forces himself to believe so. He focuses on the physical pain of war not the reality of it. Alec’s journey had a major impact on him. Throughout the novel we can see Alec’s character grow and mature. We see Alec connect with emotions we didn’t think he had for example he felt love for the first time, we know this from when Alec says after Jerry has died â€Å" I love no living thing†. From this we can note that Alec had deep feelings for Alec as a friend, he loved him like a brother. Alec journey makes him more of life, he led a very secured and protected up bringing he did not know the evil of this world they lived in. In ways going to war helped him understand and get a better grasp of life. Alec’s journey also allows him to open up more. We see this mainly with Jerry they express feelings and thoughts to each other. As i mentioned above we saw him love and care for another human being but we also saw him express anger â€Å" I picked up the poker and beat at the fire†. All in all this journey had a major affect on Alec in numerous aspects, but i got an insight into how it allowed him to connect with his feelings and allowed him to open up more. In conclusion, after studying this novel I gained an insight into many different aspects of Alec’s life which I would never have considered before, I learnt how Jerry assisted Alec on his journey and that with a friendship like that you get the feeling like you are in control and nothing can stop you. I also learnt a lot about how Alec and Alicia feel about each other after reading more into the novel.

The Count of Monte Cristo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Count of Monte Cristo - Essay Example The three form the antagonists in the story and plot against Dantes so he would lose what he has. Accordingly, Dantes was arrested for treason and consequently sent to prison for the rest of his life. Although he did not have any political stand, Dantes was unfortunately acting as a courier as a favor to his deceased captain and had in possession a letter from Napoleon. Moreover, the recipient of the letter was the father of the deputy public prosecutor and the latter did not want the public to know about his father’s misconduct. In jail, Dantes meets and befriend a priest who teaches him a lot of things – academic and about life in general. The priest, Abbe Faria, also tells him of a hidden treasure on the island of Monte Cristo. Dantes eventually escapes by hiding inside the deceased Faria’s shroud and swims to freedom when the jailers throw out what they thought was the priest’s body in the sea. Dantes uses the knowledge and the money he got from Faria to reinvent himself in order to get his revenge against the people who had made his life miserable. Throughout the beginning of the story, Dantes manifests a person who does not think ill of people. This was evident when, upon questioning from Morrel, he still had good words to say about Dangler even if he knew Dangler did not like him. (Dumas) When he found out the Cardousse had left his father to starve to death by making his father pay Dantes’ entire debt, Dantes still managed to welcome Cardousse into their home. (Dumas) He values his relationship with his father. When he found him starving, he immediately gave him gold to buy whatever he needed. (Dumas) Dantes was also someone who initially believed in hope and God. In prison, while struggling to make sense of what had happened to his life, he was still optimistic that God would pull him through the circumstances. This was especially clear when he continued waiting for the governor’s decision to release him from j ail and kept making rationalizations when the decision seemed to take longer than he expected. (Dumas) Initially, Edmond Dantes was convinced that he was just a victim of fate. From the innocent and simple-minded man that he was, however, he turned into a vengeful and cunning person once he discovered the reason for all the misfortune he had gotten. The priest Faria regretted telling Dantes how the latter ended up in jail. (Dumas 186) He knew that once Dantes found out about the truth, the latter would be filled with so much anger and passion to get back at those who took his life away. Because of his quest for revenge, Edmond Dantes mastered the art of lying like those who betrayed him. In the course of the story, he pretends to be someone else three times, initially, in order to save his boss, Morrel, and finally as the sophisticated Count of Monte Cristo. In the midst of executing his plans against Fernand and the rest, Dantes realizes that he has deeply hurt innocent people in t he process and that he is not God who can control and foresee the effects of his actions. (Dumas 610) In an attempt to mitigate all the wrongdoing he believes he has committed, he helps Maximilian appreciate the latter’s love for Valentine by letting Maximilian believe Valentine was dead. (Dumas) The story of Edmond Dantes can be likened to the life of tennis superstar Andre Agassi. Although the themes present in the novel by Dumas do not

Strategic planning and system implementation Coursework

Strategic planning and system implementation - Coursework Example They achieve this in collaboration with warehouses where they can store their raw products. They also seek for raw material suppliers. In health care SCMs these include drug manufacturers and equipment manufacturers e.g. Bayer and St. Jude. Wholesalers and distributors buy goods/services from the manufacturer in bulk and sell them to end users e.g. health care facilities and retailers. They are also involved in the marketing and delivering of products. Retailers are the link between customers and the suppliers. These include chemists, pharmacies and other health care retailers. They actively seek to know customer needs, document and respond to customer requests e.g. an order for bandages and syringes. Hence, there is flow of information, funds, goods and services along the entire chain. Insurance companies also play a key role by providing insurance cover for health care facilities and practitioners. Moreover, policy and regulations entities are involved in the regulation of standards in the health care sector hence becoming part of SCMs (Uzsoy, 2005). Doctors, nurses and other health care workers are tasked with the responsibility of providing information to the department of procurement and supplies. Lists of all needed tools and services are prepared and delivered to the procurements department which undertakes research and identifies potential suppliers having the needed services or goods. Comparison is undertaken based on quality, pricing and excellent service history. The findings are presented to the health care workers and finance department. This ensures they can make informed decisions that are cost effective (Uzsoy, 2005). SCMs if utilized effectively add competitive edge to the health care facilities that employ them. They aid in reduction of redundancies hence reducing costs. In addition, they allow for better planning hence better service delivery to their customers. This translates to higher customer satisfaction

The importance of financial literacy among young adults Research Paper

The importance of financial literacy among young adults - Research Paper Example rogram during decision-making and feedback time; other stakeholders should be requested to give their input as experience can reveal many underlying factors. Finally, they should have mentors to guide them on dos and don’ts of successful application of financial literacy skills. According to Chan and Stevens (2003), financial literacy can be explained in two main ways including use of a person’s grasp of mathematical concepts, and understanding and use of financial terminologies. However, financial literacy is different from other forms of financial education by the fact that it is practice-oriented. For instance, a person may have all the information on sound financial management; but if this information is only in the form of the theoretical basis, then this person is illiterate on financial literacy terms. Therefore, for one to be considered financially competent, one must have a full understanding of all financial terminology and apply it in the appropriate context. Moreover, one should have the capacity to use the classroom learnt mathematical concepts at a practical level. The level of use of these two main components of financial literacy should be high, and the two must relate seamlessly to enhance the financial competence of an individual. T his means that a fine grasp of terms and financial ideas should be accompanied by direct or indirect application to one’s life in financial decisions; without application of learnt skills, a person remains financially incompetent regardless of how much one may know about personal finance (Hilgert, Hogarth and Beverly, 2003). Therefore, any syllabus on financial competence must include practical aspects like case studies, real-life examples, and mentorship. Studies have established that though all people need instructions on financial literacy, the levels differ with various factors, most of which are contributed by environmental exposure of a person to instances of financial competence application. This means

Does the influence of fashion editors, who has the power to manipulate Essay

Does the influence of fashion editors, who has the power to manipulate the collections of fashion designers - Essay Example There are almost too many to name individually, really. But we are fans of Versace dresses and Vera Wang wedding gowns, Chanel perfume, Gucci purses, Yves St. Laurent and Ralph Lauren clothing, Karl Lagerfeld’s unusual fashion, and Emporio Armani suits and sunglasses. The last five years in fashion has seen a radical shift from impractical to more practical clothing—at least in stores. On the runways, it’s a different story, as emaciated models walk the catwalk, pose, turn, and leave. Fashion editors can be a dime a dozen these days with all the magazines out there churning out content, but their staying power has remained in the sense that they do all of the necessary vetting for the fashion industry. III. The Pros Two pros of fashion editors follow. First of all, fashion will be predictably selected if just one editor is manipulating the collections. This means that every piece of clothing in a collection which is featured in the magazine is carefully chosen wi th delicate care. This is to ensure that the high-quality standards of the fashion industry are being met, according to the editor’s interest. ... One has to start somewhere. If a new designer’s line does not cater to the whimsy of the fashion editor, the piece on the new designer’s line might not get written, published, or shot—at all. The second worry about how fashion editors manipulate the industry is that fashion designers will not be able to succeed without being screened by an industry expert. Since the fashion world can be very picky about what it likes, the fashion editor serves as a kind of gatekeeper. Who is â€Å"in† (or popular) at the time is what en vogue, and if a type of fashion has been labeled a failure or unpopular, it could significantly damage that designer’s sales or marketing strategy. V. Anna Wintour, â€Å"The September Issue,† and â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada† Anna Wintour, the editor-in-chief of Vogue Magazine, was something of a legend in the fashion world because of the way she could make or break a fashion collection. She was always searching for the newest and latest design or trend. â€Å"Wintour wanted a hipper, younger Leadership, and twenty-three-year-old Cleave, an Oxford graduate with a degree in art, was given the youth page beat—the same with-it demographic that Anna later targeted, likely on her father’s advice, when she first became a fashion editor.†1 Ms. Wintour was such the stuff of legend, that her figure was immortalized in â€Å"The September Issue,† and next, likened unto that of fashion editor Miranda Priestly in Lauren Weisberger’s break-out fashion chick lit novel, The Devil Wears Prada. There was a lot of patronizing that went on behind the scenes at fashion magazines, and Ms. Priestly was no stranger to that atmosphere. In the fashion industry, particularly around editors, there is a

Administrator challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Administrator challenges - Essay Example Discipline is a single word but it has lot of meanings i.e. order, control, arrangement and organization. It is a continuous process of training and educating ourselves to live under control of certain rules and regulations Gondal (1999). According to a poet (1976), life is the combination of a few elements under some ‘discipline’, and death is the indiscipline among these elements. Men live in a society which is governed by certain laws to keep the individuals in discipline. If the discipline is not maintained properly, the result will be chaos, anarchy, disturbance, and ultimately ruin. Thus a society can function peacefully only if its individuals are disciplined. Even an individual can’t make progress in life if he does not discipline himself. Law-breakers and undisciplined persons bring ruin not only to themselves but also to society Wallace (1987). The primary origin for any criminal justice system is the law of the society, and it plays an important role in a democratic society. The course of growth of law in a democratic society makes sure an evaluation of community permission for the law through approval expressed by the elected government. The whole criminal justice system in a country, thus, moves around the laws those are passed by the Union Parliament and State Legislatures. Police department comes at the phase as the main law enforcement authority available to the State. Being a police commissioner, it is my responsibility to administrate and control the discipline in the department. I faced lot of problems in this occupation. As the role of police in keeping public order have even greater restrictions especially in a democracy. Preservation of order involves a certain evaluations of peace and avoidance of violence of any kind. The typical features of the existing social structure in many countries are, inter-group disagreements on description of religions, language, caste,

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo Literature review

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo - Literature review Example Most bible scholars identify the major books they need to major on and proceed to get the necessary information on where to base their studies. Douglas Moo in the book, Encountering the Book of Romans, has simplified the work of most populace by addressing the book of Romans in the Bible. Throughout the history of religion in general, the book has had an interest to scholars and the foundation of the Roman Catholic faith is based on the name. Researchers, therefore, have little to do but need to get to the shops and obtain the one important link to the study and an in depth look as well as a proper analysis of the book of Romans as described. The book was published On December 2002 by the Baker publishing group and has had various sales whose range is close to four hundred thousand. The basics of the writings are clear, concise, and the message is to all parties seeking to know about the letter of Paul to the Romans. The book is not one to pass by on the counter especially the theolo gical readers and scholars, and like most well written books, this one is a great self-discovery adventure. The cover page is well printed with an advance picture of a building which most people would view as an old fashioned empire church. The imprints are bold presumably to depict the importance of the contemporary writing and what is actually contained inside. The creation is set to encounter the bible studies especially with a great concentration on the book of Romans and the impact of the writings therein to a moderate reader. Douglas J. Moo is a PhD holder in the University of St. Andrews and has a wide knowledge on theological issues. He is a Blanchard Professor of New Testament at Wheaton College and also the author to various books and commentaries on biblical writings such as the books of Judges, 2 Peter, Jude and James. Based on his academic circle and knowledge, the lecturer has provide a book worth reading and one that leaves those who come across it fulfilled and havin g a quest for more. Over the years, many theorists have raised questions on just what intended and what he had in mind regarding how the book of Romans is to be read. Moo has simplified this and has given guidelines especially to scholars and students with regard to the ancient letter and provided the basis for contemporary debates. The theme of the book centres on the gospel of Christ Jesus and in writing the book, the author has a purpose to help create an identity to the Roman Christians and help them understand their history of salvation chain. The structure of the book is centred on the letter, and the author shows key aspects such as the introduction which shows a proper understanding of the book based on the first century (Moo, 2002, p.7). Other issues discussed include the prevailing events during the life of Paul and also the situations in the lives of the proceeding readers. In this context, the author bases his study on two approaches including the reformation and the new perspective approach which are grounds for interpretation of the letter. Scholars thus need to decide which approach to use and which best suits their learning needs as the two provide different ways of interpretation. The book is segmented, with each segment further split into well-defined topics for easy navigation and access of study material. The broad networking has made it even available for study and print in the world through website and shops. The contents of the book are well aligned with the contents of the prevailing chapters flowing from the preceding. Moo lays the groundwork for reading the ancient book and provides the arguments that the book

Self Consciousness Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Self Consciousness Issues - Essay Example The first question is based on the understanding that the level of memory humans rely upon to recall early events in life operates from about the age of three or four years old. Prior to that, the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex are not fully developed (Mastin, 2010). If this question, then, is asked of a human, their earliest memory is unlikely to be a recollection from before age three or four. An artificial intelligence machine, however, has working memory activated immediately upon being turned on. I reason that a machine will answer this question with literally their first experience and not with a later one. The second question assumes that machines with artificial intelligence do not experience altered states of consciousness, and therefore do not dream. I suspect they would not be able to describe a dream that would fool me into thinking they are human. I pay attention to my dreams and the dreams of other people, and I have noticed that describing a dream is done in a diffe rent narrative style than describing an ordinary awareness event. Dreams are often fragmentary, have confused chronology, incorporate magically changing imagery, are usually symbolic, may be vague upon recall. Furthermore, AI machines do not experience emotion, so fear would be a foreign experience to them. Even if the machine has been programmed to articulate emotional expression, what a machine would find â€Å"frightening† would no doubt be qualitatively distinct from what a human finds frightening.

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Accounting - Research Paper Example Such expansion will entail the setting up of a store location to offer the pretzels and its new selection not only during annual state fairs, but whole year round. Its customer will no longer have to wait during annual state fairs to avail of the pretzels and its new selection but can now go to a permanent location where they can avail of the pretzels. Such expansion and setting up of store location however needs more capitalization. To this end, the present owner, son of the original owners Mr. and Mrs. Corey, will infuse a $ 50,000 capitalization to finance the expansion. The additional $50,000 loan with additional credit line will be used to cover the additional equipment to expand production and to cover additional overheads. To continue and expand the operation of Corey Pretzels and be able to cater to its unserved market by making Corey Pretzels available through a fixed store location creating and developing delicious, innovative, and a wider array of pretzels selection to the highest quality that will be appealing to different age groups and across different market segment and enhance the company’s market base and profitability. To become the leading provider of pretzel in the next two years through its distinct and delectable taste and by offering a wider array of Pretzels that is innovative and appealing while competitive in price. Pretzel is a unique knot like shape type of baked food made from dough and can be offered in a variety of soft and hard varieties and savory or sweet flavors. It originated from Europe and has a distinct symmetrical looped form. Corey Pretzels was a creation of Mr. and Mrs. John Corey who after years of participation in annual state fair has created a market following owing to the distinct taste and flavor of its pretzels. This was enhanced by the second generation of the Coreys who after experimenting for new flavors of the original

How to establish the communication Essay Example for Free

How to establish the communication Essay Everyone has different needs and styles in which they communicate. There are also many different ways in which we may establish these communication needs, wishes and preferences. A good way to begin to understand a patient’s needs, wishes and preferences is to read their notes and history’s to see if this contains any relevant information. For example, if I read that a patient has hearing problems, I would then know to make sure that I speak to the patient clearly and slowly and look at them so they can read my lips. Other ways to establish communication needs, wishes and preferences is by interacting with the patient and through conversation I learn how to best communicate with the patient. It is also important to remember to be clear and concise in all forms of communication, especially when working with people with learning disabilities, where they might get confused if I speak too quickly or use too complex language. It may benefit, if this is the case, to use your body language to help explain what you are trying to say and to emphasise the tone of the conversation. Also, pictures can be used to help the patient and myself understand. For example, one of my patients uses cards that display what emotions they are feeling, they will use these to communicate how they are feeling. In the past, I have worked with a patient who is deaf. For me to establish what her needs were, I first spoke to the nurse in charge and they informed me she was deaf, however, could sign or write things down. As I could not sign, our preferred form of communication was writing, which after spending time together worked quite well.

Natural And Eco Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay

Natural And Eco Tourism In Dubai Tourism Essay Tourism is a fast-growing industry, but with the credit crunch in 2008, figures have dropped as people have less money to spend as a tourist all over the world. Many countries rely on tourism sector greatly as the income generated by this sector is easily planned to be invested in other sectors of the country like education, sports, defence and health. Economic recession has led to increase in oil prices. These fluctuating oil prices result in the airline industry imposing further fuel surcharges to cover higher costs, which have to be met by the consumer through increased air ticket prices. This has put the consumer off travelling during the expensive periods. Unfortunately, the tourism sector these days is experiencing not only economical disasters but other emerging issues as well. In order to look at the whole scenario of travel and tourism industry in terms of latest alarming situations (decreased access to natural resources for the local communities and environmental degradation) lets take Dubai as a destination. In this context, we will particularly look at the destination not economically but ecologically and naturally specifically.http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ5CEJ5GGFrNM6u6mXLPX17O856OyMIPO_xUPmcR5o89jjkxOXh Infrastructure of Dubai The Dubai government Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM) is the main organisation for the promotion and development of tourism in the emirate. The department has taken over the licensing of hotels, hotel apartments, tour operators, tourist transport companies and travel agents. It has a supervisory role covering all tourists, archaeological and heritage sites, tourism conferences and exhibitions, the operation of tourism information services and the licensing and organisation of tour guides. The government provides on-going development to the infrastructure, and the recent opening of the port Rashid cruise line terminal is just one of a series of innovation aimed at widening the total tourism product base within Dubai. It is hoped that this terminal will do for cruising what the opening of Dubai Duty Free did for air traffic arrivals. The government has a direct stake in the tourism sector through the development and ownership of a number of the major hotels as well a s spectacular theme parks such as Wild Wadi. This investment is not just a matter of expenditure: it is clearly demonstrating that quality must be paramount. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQeds-zs-P2La2ChQp9qvZfpxcvmC8cse3NVJcGeUGbl_Vhtsb The DTCM had set an aggressive target of attracting 15 million tourists by the year 2010, which they have achieved. Projections for the immediate future are summarised in the following figure. Targets for Dubais tourism future Year Dubai hotel guests (Millions) Dubai hotel beds (Thousands) 2003 5.24 39.8 2004 6.08 48.2 2005 7.06 55.9 2006 8.19 64.8 2007 9.49 75.2 2008 11.01 87.2 2009 12.78 101.2 2010 15.00 117.3 2011 18.24 122.7 Such targets are not over-ambitious for DTCM. Expatriates and foreign visitors can enjoy a relaxed and pleasant life style in Dubai. There is virtually no crime, apartments and villas are modern and spacious, and the climate greatly appeals to those who enjoy warm weather. There are many clubs and societies in Dubai. Freedom of worship is allowed for all religions. Foreign newspapers, magazines, films and videos are all available. Alcohol may be consumed in hotels and in licensed club premises. Women can drive and move about unaccompanied. In 2002, free hold ownership for UAE nationals as well as expatriates in certain select property developments was introduced in Dubai and 25 years mortgage loans become available. Initially focus was centred on the Palm, Dubai Marina, and other developments of Emmar properties but after the completion of these projects new man made wonders are forthcoming. The potential for visiting friends and relatives will thus be substantially increased. The Palm had already been described as the 8th wonder of the world and was the sort of project that some say could only have taken place in Dubai. It consists of two massive, artificial islands: the Palm Jumeirah and the Palm Jebal Ali. Each island is being built in the shape of a palm tree consisting of a crown of 17 fronds, a trunk and a surrounding crescent island, the back of which forms a protective break water. Each island is approximately six kilometres long and 5.5 kilometres. Together they will add nearly 120 kilometres of much sought-after coast line to Dubai. Approximately 3000 homes and at least 40 luxury hotels have been built on each island, capable of birthing a total of 400 yachts. The Palm is just one of several Nakheel residential projects: others include the World, Jumeirah Islands, Jumeirah Lake Towers and the Gardens. Dubai will continue to improve the destinations infrastructure, and the following are just some of the developments that are either already planned or completed or in actual construction or development to support visitor growth targets: Hydro polis- the worlds first under water hotel Dubai airport expansion to handle 70 million passengers by 2016 Dubai Festival City-4 kilometre site along the Creek Dubai land the regions biggest tourism project aiming for 200,000 visitors a day- to include five themed leisure areas and the Mall of Arabia, the Worlds biggest mall Extending Dubai Railway project Burj Dubai the worlds tallest tower The emirate contained a mix of natural and cultural attractions that formed the basis of a very marketable leisure tourism product. The existing natural attractions included: Miles of clean un-crowded beaches along the shores of Arabian Gulf http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ00bEjqDhgeTP_RaZMGxiHhDFPdfphroNR6kutwq75Ed-yFtcFFA A subtropical climate with average temperatures of 18 C in January 33 C in July and annual precipitation of less than 150mm,contributing to a yearlong tourist season The availability of water sports of all year around in the gulf Desert dunes for a variety of outdoor activities and leisure pursuits The Hatta Mountains for Wadi-bashing and other adventurous pursuits The Al Maha environmental conservation reserve, the base for the re-introduction of the Arabian Oryx. Dubai is a migratory crossroads in both spring and autumn for many bird species. The Khor Dubai Wildlife sanctuary is home to one thousand Greater Flamingos. Dubai also had a strong cultural heritage to exploit for tourism purposes. Important elements of this cultural attractiveness to western visitors include: The exotic middle eastern atmosphere associated with the hustle and bustle of the Souks and dhow Wharves along Dubai Creeks The distinctly Middle Eastern architecture of the wind towers , Mosques and palaces The traditional welcoming and hospitable culture of the Arab world Mass and sustainable tourism Mass tourism is the result of advancing in the means of technology especially air, rail and road. The comfortable aircrafts with essential in flight services and many more to offer the passengers have made travelling fun and simple. Since having the foreigners in a country for pleasure or holidays in great numbers have left many negative impacts in the past therefore the need of the sustainability was felt. In past, mass tourism has threatened the destinations with cultural, environmental, social, religious and economical impacts therefore; the urge to develop the tourism sector became necessary for tourist boards and governing bodies. This led to sustainable tourism. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQvy1JvgM6QidDTw6dR41a7XNKXd04pE2Z2VQ3VAkZ8_sfiHRJB Sustainable tourist activity, on the contrary, encompasses being sensitive to the cultural, religious and environmental and social aspects of a particular destination, aiding the environment and fostering the local economic growth through travel and tourism activities. Sustainable tourism surrounds the ideals of protecting and not disturbing the natural resources and maintaining the good relationship with the host population. Going back to the example of Dubai as a destination, in past due to the weather, gold, tax free country, and Dubai airport facilities and duty free, safaris, luxurious accommodation etc., the destination has confronted with the mass tourism. Traffic, noise pollution, litter pollution, fights with the local community and crimes made the authorities alert and minimize the negative effects of the tourism despite of its economical advantages. DTCM the tourist board of strategic planning in the country thus, implemented the plan to restrict the infinite number of tourists. The figure above states that clearly which can only be undergone by a destination that follows sustainable tourism policy. Looking at the marvellous, unique projects of Burj ul Arab, Safari, water sports, Dubai Mall etc. the evidences that a destination may have to support Sustainable tourism. It is obvious that Dubais main industry is not Oil but tourism. Even many forthcoming events and projects will keep attracting the tourists from all around the world. Sustainable tourism means to meet the present demands of the tourists without risking the future of the destination which is very apparent in DTCMs planning. All the resources of the country are well planned and utilized to serve the tourism sector. Eco, Natural, Cultural tourism are the elements that unveils the well management and strategic scenario of the destination. Acceptance of a Cosmo-Politian lifestyle Although these natural and cultural assets have clearly contributed to Dubai s success as a destination, it is very important to emphasise that they have been greatly enhanced by ambitious investments in the tourism infrastructure on the part of both public and private sectors. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFfNT_QL9Deu-0yevTkJPQfRCJn0NWYDPdwesha_pGXYawgJOc Destination Dubai United Arab Emirate (UAE) comprises seven members: Abu Dhabi, the capital city, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Ras Al Khaima and Fujairah. Dubai, with an area of 3885 square kilometres, is a second largest emirate. It is situated on the banks of the Dubai creek, a natural inlet from the Arabian Gulf, which divides the city into Deira District to its north and Bur Dubai to its South, the city ranks as the UAEs most important port and commercial centre. Along the Arabian Gulf coast there are off shore islands, coral reefs and Sabkha (salt marshes). Stretches of gravel plane and sandy dessert characterise the inland region. To the east, a range of mountains lie close to the Gulf of Oman and forms a back bone through the Mussandam peninsula. The western interior of the country, most of it in Abu Dhabi, consists mainly of desert interspersed with oases.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjkF0Jjz6PAvFd4pMa2m1dYkScE5EREigE2N3ZhEvVd4lKQ87t The emirate embraces a wide variety of scenery in a small area. In a single day, the tourists can experience everything from rugged mountains and owe inspiring sand dunes to sandy beaches and lush green parks from dusty village to luxurious residential districts and from ancient houses with wind towers to ultra modern shopping malls. Tourism in Dubai The impressive development, climate, hospitality and world class airport has attracted many tourists around the world to the detention of Dubai. In 1985, the introduction of award winning air line Emirates was established to smooth the transaction of tourists in and out. In 1989, Dubai recorded only 630 thousand visitor arrivals, but number increased drastically to over 8 millions, in 2003, with at least 458 thousand coming from the UK. Dubai has managed to increase its number of visitors by over 1200% in little more than a decade and tourism is now, at 12% of the gross domestic product (GDP), one of the emirates more important and fastest growing sectors of the economy. Dubai significance as a global destination stems from the fact that it can be viewed from two main perspectives. It is not just a simple holiday destination; it is an important commercial, trading and business centre as well. Therefore visitors to Dubai provide examples of the three categories into which tourists are usually divided. They are identified as:http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTRbbNqdZ3UbOTAo7IJsw-_Yo4gEPDaxDyBae93cGYOWL2Iu_Pd Leisure visitors 44% Business visitors 45% Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) 8% Not classified 3% Previously viewed in tourism terms as little more than a duty free stop over, Dubai today has become a highly acclaimed destination offering an outstanding range of facilities and services for both leisure and business travellers. Its geographical location is 55 degree East, 25 degree North on the Southern shore of Arabian Gulf. It is strategically located at the cross roads of three continents Europe, Asia, Africa- a natural meeting place. Dubai is now a major aviation hub for the Emirates airline and so attracts visitors wanting a stopover. Natural and eco tourism Emirates airlineWelcome from our Chairman Emirates airline chairman promoting greenery The first Eco flight (see appendix 1) from Dubai to San Francisco known as green flight took off on 18th Jan 2009 indicates the vigilance of the government in terms of its environment. Such an initiative was worked out between EK airline and Airbus Company to promote safe and pure environment. This indicates that the award winning airline is environmental conscious and promotes it product (flying with the carriage) but not on the risk of spreading pollution. It is the best example of eco and natural tourism as EK airline does not want to take any step which can damage the surroundings of the people or harmful natural life animals and plants survive in. Al Maha desert resort It is generally accepted amongst most nations that approximately 8 to 10% of their land area should be put aside for the conservation of their indigenous habitats, the function of such a policy is to insure that the nations historic environment is permanently retained as part of its heritage that the diversity of fauna and flora within the nation is kept intact as a representative sample of the original habitat. It is intended that such conserved areas can function without disturbance or undue intervention from human elements.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQcuBM8v_futKEADdvnA8aCImMtCHCk1C6To_1EjsGC71Pii7wBhg Al Maha is the first eco tourism resort in UAE. Dubai has several environments worthy of conservation within such a frame work. Apart from the dune environment there is also the mountain habitat around Hatta and coasts intertidal strip. Each of these represents a separate, distinct and unique habitat type within Dubai. Each has its own fauna and flora, its own appeal to the visitor and its distinct historic, geological and archaeological merits. Al Maha has been developed with key eco tourism principles under pinning its commercial success. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQjmQD_KzmpEHJbxRIxlembZmQGjNJ5QKOT5jAs5s4HCy6D4aZkRg The environment is supposed to be free of intrusive disturbances with surroundings; this includes the restriction of all artificial noise from the operation and ambient noise from the resorts surroundings. The restriction of any human structures which impinge on the natural land space confines the development of the resorts own infrastructure to a minimum land area. The land making up the resort must provide a natural, original and unique environment for the guests, where they feel a part of the conservation process; this allows the guests to feel that their support is directly contributing to the conservation of the area they are experiencing. One of the major contributors to the success of eco tourism resorts worldwide is the fact that the guest enjoys exclusivity. The rate charge is function of the exclusivity enjoyed and paid for by the guest. The undisturbed settings, the personal attention and service standards not achievable in the large public facilities are the basis of high yield eco tourism products. The guest must be assured of privacy, discretion and an unobtrusive environment. The experience must also be meaningful to the visitor, providing aspects which are educational, comfortable and divergent from normal life style-thus assuring the guest the time spent in the resort is an enchantment to his or her quality of life. The resort must meet the perceptions and expectations of the guests with regard to: Accommodation Facilities Architecture and design Surroundings To meet these criteria, Al Maha has adopted traditional historic aspects, with operational requirements, to meet the guest perception and expectation of the desert and Arabian heritage. A portion of land surrounding the core area of the resort has been demarcated for protection, and all activities capable of devaluing the environment are restricted. Isolation has been reinforced by means of the introduction of animals proof fencing, which will allow the establishment of indigenous species in viable breeding numbers within free roaming settings. The program has been very successful and guests are now issued with their own fauna and flora checklist guide to record the various species that they have seen. The variety of elements used provides a suitable illustration of how far the desert resort has now developed in terms of conservation: Grass (Herb, Dune, Basket and Cats Tail) Shrub ( Broom Bush, Dye Plant and Milkwort) Herb ( Callous, Palm Lettuce and Arabian Cotton) Plant (Crimson Wort, Spiny Disk and Dwarf Pea Plant) Tree (Salam, Ghaf and Sidr) Mammal (Sand Gazelle, Arabian Hare and Gird) Reptile (Monitor Lizard, Sand Skink and Sand Snake) Birds (Common and may be resident or migrant-300 species recorded) Impacts of natural and eco tourism in Dubai Unprotected environment of any country in any regard can disturb the economy drastically. The disastrous situation where the government invests most of its resources in tourism sector rather than sports, education, health and other sectors, can lead the destination sudden collapse that causes destruction to the economy as a whole. Ignoring the eco and natural issues in destination planning and promotion will cause the following pitfalls: http://static.amefiles.com/images/news/large/5/77505-Al_Maha_Desert_Resort_Spa.jpg All the tourists will misuse the resources of the destination and there will be nothing left to offer for next group of tourists next season. For example, beaches of Dubai or safari. It is important that the authorities are well managing such sites so that they are presentable to be offered to other tourists for amusements and relaxations. The entire infrastructure used to access natural sites like deserts, wild wadi, zoo, Al Maha Desert need to be watched by authorities all times. The expensive bridges, motor ways, services need a lot of investment to be built so their utility should be long lived and must be equally used by locals and tourists safely. Natural life of Dubai is consisting of desert and likely animals. Their protection is momentous so that they are not endangered or extinct. Hunting such species should not be appreciated at all and in fact some fine must be imposed upon to undergo this pleasure. Tourists might need this notification. The increasing demand and forecast of tourism is a major threat for the land and other resources (like in Egypt the residents were asked to move their ancestors house because the government wants to build a five star hotel to accommodate Tourists in Luxor) in the country. It is due to the planning in future which may lead to lay more buildings to accommodate the tourists by making hotels, services, park or other type of attractions. The demolishing 0f the deserts will affect the habitat of many species and their existence will be affected. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxax9lvclTZKx5F0YuGvdM-iVZVqT9I94uDlkUKcpL5Jziqhwl-A Pollution no matter air, dust, litter or noise by tourists will also demonstrate the inability of DTCM (local tourism board) to prevent the destination from negative effects of touristic activities. Especially beaches and deserts if polluted by the tourists will result in developing hatred in host population and conflicts will take place. Welcoming host population is the biggest element to like a destination. Any naturally or ecologically disruption in the surroundings of the local community will force the government to put a stop to the transition of tourists. This can be done very easily but the damages that have been made to the destination can never be repaired so quickly. The greater developments in Dubai to promote Tourism is of course utilising the natural resources like mountainous area, land, desert, beaches etc. This never stop development might not leave enough attractions for coming generation to be proud of. The natural treasure of wild life or other animals will become the history. Establishing tourism sector on the risk of losing the real identity of the country should not be the approach of the strategic planners. Sustainability tourism is the answer of all such issues. Ecotourism became popular in the 1980s as a form of tourism that focused exclusively on wildlife, nature or exotic cultures. Some research indicates that such tourism may not in fact benefit these communitiesas it might lead to them becoming dependent on the tourist economy, without developing skills that would allow them flexibility in the economy and be more of a long term guarantee./ Recommendation Tourism sector of Dubai has a lot to offer. Millions of tourists have visited the destination and many more are planning to visit this luxurious, advance, modern destination to enjoy the safari, Wild Wadi and marine life etc. http://www.mydigitallife.info/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/dynamic-architecture-dubai.jpg Due to the Political turmoil in certain parts of the Middle East, is likely to benefit Dubais tourism industry and economy. To the extent that Dubai is viewed as an alternative destination to countries such as Lebanon, Tunisia and Egypt, it is likely to benefit as some visitors change their travel plans in favor of the emirate. The collapse of the Hariri government in Lebanon has plunged the country into what is likely to be a prolonged period of political uncertainty in which the threat of violence is ever-present. Events in Tunisia and Egypt have generated a great deal of negative publicity for the tourism sectors in those countries, and will likely impact bookings and arrivals this year. Regardless of whether these concerns are justified, the likelihood is that some of the most important tourism destinations in the Middle East are likely to see a fall in visitors in 2011. Conclusion From the outgoing account I want to sum up that that Tourism is now the fastest growing sector of Dubais economy, contributing about 19% to the Dubais GPD in 2005, and 20% as of late 2007. This is made possible by ever increasing numbers of tourists. About 3.6 million tourists visited Dubai in 2001 and more than six million came in 2005. As of 2007, Dubais hotels received about 6.5 million visitors that contributed us$3.5 billion to the local economy. Dubai is one of the few international destinations to see an increase in visitors over the last year, successfully retaining its position as a world-class tourism and trade hub as Despite the economic climate, visitors to Dubai reached an all-time high of 11,996,449 in 2010 and even though the pace of growth has slowed.   Having developed a highly desirable and increasingly diversified premium tourism product, Dubai continues to meet the needs of an ever-expanding audience. With so much to offer both leisure, eco, sustainable, natural, and cultural and business visitors, from groundbreaking attractions to world-class hospitality, it is little wonder that Dubai is experiencing such significant growth. Dubai attracts more visitors each year than any Arab country outside of Egypt and hosts a major shopping festival in the first quarter that traditionally attracts hordes of regional retail visitors.http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSv4NvD-_IwJuoy-AWEL8N5MtjqSOVS1uxzttsqWaNuKEskRWTYZA In this regard, the dense growth of this sector has never let the strategic planners ignore the environment, local populations right, natural sightseeing, cultural values and belief etc. The fast emergence of Dubai on the world tourism map and its spectacular performance is undoubtedly the result of aggressive global marketing and promotional agenda being pursued by the  Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing  (DTCM). The department, in co-operation and co-ordination with public and private sector organizations, has been successfully developing the appeal of the destination that offers tourists the opportunity to explore traditional Arabian hospitality along with a contemporary lifestyle. All the attractions are well planned and maintain the ecology and natural resources of Dubai for future tourism and its host population. Continuing its aggressive marketing and promotional drive in 2010,  DTCM  has high lighted the strengths and attractions of the emirates vibrant tourism industry in 36 overseas travel exhibitions and hosting exclusive road shows and workshops in 10 countries. Dubais tourism product offering has considerably expanded last year and more changes are expected this year. Last year, the global tourism industry too underwent rapid changes due to the global economic downturn, requiring fast-rising destinations like Dubai to adopt strategies to remain at the cutting-edge of the highly-competitive business. In short, Dubais position as the leading tourism destination and commercial hub in the world is very prominent and DTCMs mission is to strengthen the Dubai economy through the development of sustainable tourism. Appendix 1 Emirates operates worlds longest eco-flight Sunday 18 January 2009 8:38 AM The  Dubai-based airline Emirates has claimed that the first service to operate on its new route from Dubai to San Francisco was the first ever cross-polar green flight and the worlds longest eco-friendly journey. On December 15th, the airline began operations on the 16-hour, non-stop service that uses a Boeing 777-200 long-range aircraft in what the company has called the Em-vironment flight. To plot the most efficient course for the flight, Emirates has worked with government agencies in Dubai, Russia, the US and Canada. Other measures that the airline will also employ to maximize the eco-friendly potential of the new route include the use of electrical power while the aircraft is on the ground in Dubai, the minimal use of thrust when landing, and single-engine taxiing to its destination gate at San Francisco airport. Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Emirates chairman and chief executive, said:  After months of planning, Emirates Em-vironment flight is a best-practice trial of how airlines, governments, manufacturers, technology providers and airports can work together to be as eco-efficient as possible. The San Francisco inaugural flight will be a dual milestone of commencing services between two great cities and also demonstrating the best our industry can offer in environmental efficiency. Emirates claims that, with some 58 Airbus A380s, A350-XWB and Boeing 777 planes on order (more than any other airline), it will have the worlds greenest fleet of wide-bodied aircraft Appendix 2 http://www.africa-ata.org/images/aba/uar_spdj-1222.jpg Appendix 3 The Emirates Groups vision is to be an environmental leader in the aviation and travel industries.   Our goal is to make sustainability and eco-efficiency the cornerstones of all group operations, in the air and on the ground. Aviation is one of the worlds most important contributors to economic and social development particularly in the developing world. The aviation industry employs over 32 million people worldwide and represents 35% of world trade by value it contributes US$1.1 trillion per annum to world GDP. The aviation industry recognises that, although it is only responsible for less than 2%, of global greenhouse gas emissions from human activity, it must be committed to growing sustainably and reducing growth of its emissions.   To put this in perspective, shipping accounts for some 4% of human emissions, while ground transport accounts for almost 14% (IPCC, 2004).   At current growth rates, aviation is expected to account for only 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.   Read more about this at  www.flyingmatters.org. Emirates is committed to a global solution for managing the growth in international aviation emissions, through ICAO the International Civil Aviation Organisation as mandated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.   Our customers, staff and regulators are increasingly conscious about the environment and greenhouse gas emissions.   Emirates has committed to environmentally-responsible operations through the Groups Corporate Environmental Policy (click here to view).   This policy is implemented internally through the Emvironment programme which is communicated internally and externally to staff, customers and all stakeholders. Our focus is becoming an ecologically-efficient organisation growing our business to be economically sustainable, while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution.   If we achieve these aims, it benefits our customers, the environment and our business the triple bottom line. The Emirates Groups commitment to eco-efficiency means multi-billion dollar investments in the most modern, eco-efficient technology available- in aircraft, engines and ground equipment we strive to be leaders in eco-efficiency in our industry and in our region. We are committed to operating our assets in the most environmentally responsible manner, and in compliance with all applicable environmental regulations and standards. Emirates firmly support our industrys four-pillar strategy to reduce emissions, as developed by our industry body the International Air Transport Association (IATA). Read more about this strategy at  www.enviro.aero. Implementation of this strategy includes the use of new technology throughout our Group; making significant investments in the most modern, low-noise, low emissions aircraft available; encouraging governments to make air navigation more fuel and emission friendly; and reducing the environmental impact of our ground operations. We are committed to further reductions in fuel consumption and emissions per passenger our fuel efficiency rates are already 30% lower than the global fleet average. Other goals include staff education, waste reduction and recycling, lower energy use and greater communication internally and externally. Our Emvironment Champions

Review of The Republic of Tea Website Essay example -- Business Analys

When I am looking for a new flavor of tea, I often visit the Republic of Tea's website to browse all the unique varieties of tea that they carry. The Republic of Tea offers many different varieties of tea from around the world that you cannot buy in a local grocery store. Anyone, from tea connoisseurs to average students, can use this website to find great tasting tea. The Republic of Tea's website is well organized, with categories for each type of tea and all the different flavors. The homepage shows pictures of tea and accessories used to brew the perfect cup of tea. The main points of interest for the website is the text that describes the tea and the layout of the products being sold. These aspects along with the pictures that accurately depict the tea's color and shape, and the easy to use design of the website, makes The Republic of Tea a great way to introduce anyone to the world of tea. The homepage of The Republic of Tea has a simple, yet elegant design. The background color used is black, with text and photos appearing in a centered beige colored box, with a navigation bar on top that is colored light red. The colors work together to focus your attention on the centered box, which usually displays a themed tea depending on the upcoming holiday, and some of the drinkware being sold on the website. In the upper right hand corner of the navigation bar is the company's logo along with a black tea pot; this can be used to return to the homepage. The navigation bar contains contact information, such as a telephone number, and an option to display the website in different languages. A search bar is also provided so that you can find a particular type of tea by name or variety. The navigation bar also uses a drop... ... and tea accessories, and it is the best tea I have ever tasted. When I used the website for the first time, I found learning about the tea to be enjoyable and very interesting. My order was shipped quickly and very professionally, with everything arriving in perfect condition. The tea I ordered was a sample of different loose leaf tea, that is tea that is not put into tea bags, but instead is placed inside of a tea diffuser and then brewed in hot water. The tea was delicious and the experience has led me to continue to order exclusively from their website ever since. I love the way that the tea is displayed on the website, and how the categories separate the tea into similar groups for easy navigating. The design of the website is what initially drew my attention, but the quality of the product and the service provided is what will make me come back for more.

poems :: essays research papers

Poems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Andrew Marvell’s poem, â€Å"To His Coy Mistress,† Marvell starts out by saying how much he loves this girl that even time is not a matter, but halfway through he switches and starts to say that time is nearing and that basically if we do not do the deed now, then, â€Å"And your quaint honor turn to dust, And into ashes all my lust:† (29-30) In Ben Jonson’s poem, â€Å"To Celia,† Jonson begins by laying his game on thick and saying that we need to make love, but halfway through he changes his ways and starts saying that you should not care what others say lets do it, who cares if the maids find out or even your husband, lets just do it. These poems are both carpe diem poems which means to seize the day, and that is just what the writers and the speakers of these poems are doing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both poems start out in about the same manner, by trying to get the female â€Å"to be† with them, but for some reason halfway through they both take the same turn and that turn takes them straight into lust and wild erratic behavior. In Marvell’s poem he basically says that if I cannot have you those worms will the irony in this is that the male organ has been referenced to a phallic object like a worm. He also talks about your quaint honor turning to dust and along with it all my lust, the quaint honor that he is talking about is that girl’s vagina. He is telling her that now is our time to make love and if you do not do it with me now then when you are dead the one thing that you tried to hold on to will be gone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonson does even worse; in his poem the speaker is trying to seduce a married woman. He tells her that fame and rumors are nothing but toys and can we not delude the eyes of a few household spies. The speaker is putting everything he has into to this woman and trying to sleep with her. â€Å"’Tis no sin love’s fruit to steal; But the sweet theft to reveal,† This poem is from the play Volpone and this poem is being spoken by Volpone, which is interesting because the name Volpone means fox. The mood of the poem is very smooth and sly so the name fox fits perfectly for this guy.

A Sociological View of Rastafarianism Essay -- Religion Sociology Rast

Organized religion is a duality between the religion and the church which represents it. Sometimes the representation of the religion is marred and flawed to those who view it because of the bureaucracy contained within. Unknown to those who gaze upon the dissolved morals and values of what is perceived to be the contradiction known as modern religion, it was never intended to be this way. Most religions started off as a sect, a minor detail on the fringes of the society it never wanted to represent. Rastfarianism is such a sect. The differences between Rastafarianism and a normal â€Å"mainstream† religion are numberless, including: no set membership, no authoritative leader, no offices of authority, no trained clergy and no involvement with the world as a whole. Rastafarianism is based upon an underrepresented minority which needed hope in the face in utter demise.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Max Weber, religion emerges to satisfy a social need. â€Å"In treating suffering as a symptom of odiousness in the eyes of gods and as a sign of secret guilt, religion has psychologically met a very general need (Weber 271). Rastafarianism emerges in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica in the 1930’s to meet the needs of the poor, unskilled black Jamaicans who needed a hope. The social situation which was emerging in the 1930’s which called for this need was as follows. Jamaica was a commonwealth of the British Empire. It had recently, around 1884, received a write in clause to their constitution which stipulated if the new government did not succeed and the economic life of Jamaica were to suffer because of it, the political constitution would be amended or abolished to meet new conditions. Black Jamaicans had a taste for power in their mouths and in 1938, this erupted in labor riots and violence. This act did nothing for their cause. It wo uld still be 30 years until Jamaica received its independence. Blacks in Jamaica were the victims of social stratification which left them at the bottom rung of the ladder. They had menial jobs such as field worker or an attendant at the sugar plant, if they had jobs at all. The blacks were suffering as a people and as an organized group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ethopianism had been introduced to Jamaica in 1784 by George Liele, by adding it to the name of his Baptist church, hoping to graft itself onto the African religion of Jamaican slaves. But the movement to em... ...; it integrates those involved within it. The falsity is what people believe. So, if people change, the religion changes with the people, not necessarily minor beliefs within it. It is a cycle which includes the transfer of old gods to new gods, completely changing the religion with society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rastafarianism has not faded away, and in fact has spread its brethren among many areas of the world. â€Å"The Rastafarian movement is no longer a mere revolutionary movement; it has become a part of the establishment, a part of officialdom† (Barret 245). Rastafarianism may have started on the fringes of Jamaican society, but it now a representation of what it considered hell. In terms of an outsider, Jamaica is no longer Babylon, it is now Rastafaria, a step on the way to utopian Zion. Rastafarianism is now an integration of all of Jamaican society rather that just one social strata. Its changes have moved along with the changes of Jamaica as a nation. The people of Jamaica are interchangeable with Rastafarianism. It is ironic which a group so hating of their own environment would become such a force as to represent it to the world. Rastafarianism is truly by the people, for the people.

Ideal and Goal Essay

As The Florida Bar grows, it becomes more important to articulate our ideals of professionalism and to emulate such ideals by deed. To The Florida Bar, Lawyer Professionalism includes: (1) a commitment to serve others; (2) being dedicated to the proper use of one’s knowledge to promote a fair and just result; (3) endeavoring always to enhance one’s knowledge and skills; (4) ensuring that concern for the desired result does not subvert fairness, honesty, respect and courtesy for others with whom one comes into contact, be they fellow professionals, clients, opponents, public officials, including members of the judiciary, or the public; (5) contributing one’s skill, knowledge and influence as a lawyer to further the profession’s commitment to serving others and to promoting the public good, including efforts to provide all persons, regardless of their means or popularity of their causes, with access to the law and the judicial system; (6) educating the public about the capabilities and limits of the profession, specifically what it can achieve and the appropriate methods of obtaining those results; and (7) accepting responsibility for one’s own professional conduct as well as others in the profession, including inculcating a desire to uphold professional standards and fostering peer regulation to ensure each member is competent and public-spirited. To reinforce and communicate the ideals of lawyer professionalism among our members, and particularly, to take the â€Å"abrasions† out of our conduct with others, particularly our colleagues at the Bar, The Florida Bar adopts the following statement of ideals and aspirational goals: 1. Commitment to Equal Justice Under Law and the Public Good Ideal: A Florida lawyer should, in both professional and personal conduct, recognize that a license to practice law is a privilege which gives the lawyer a special position of trust, power and influence in our society. This privilege brings corresponding duties, for which the lawyer is accountable to the public, namely, to use that position and power in an honest and fair manner which respects the dignity of others, promotes the public good, and protects our system of equal justice under the law. Goals: 1.1 A lawyer should at all times avoid the appearance of impropriety. 1.2 A lawyer should counsel and encourage other lawyers to abide by these ideals of professionalism. 1.3 A lawyer should at all times promote in the general public an understanding of the role of the legal profession in our system of equal justice under law. 1.4 A lawyer should encourage and support only those judicial candidates who by skill, knowledge, experience, integrity, temperament and commitment to public service are qualified to hold such positions. 1.5 When considering whether to advertise and what methods of advertising to use, a lawyer’s first goal should be to promote and protect public confidence in a just and fair legal system founded on the rule of law. 1.6 Upon being employed by a new client, a lawyer should discuss fee and cost arrangements at the outset of the representation, and promptly confirm those arrangements in writing. 1.7 In any representation in which the fee arrangement is other than a contingent percentage-of-recovery fee or a fixed, fiat-sum fee or in which the representation is anticipated to be of more than brief duration, a lawyer should bill clients on a regular, frequent interim basis. 1.8 When a fee dispute arises that cannot be amicably resolved, a lawyer should endeavor to refer the dispute to the appropriate fee arbitration panel. 2. Adherence to a Fundamental Sense of Honor, Integrity, and Fair Play Ideal: A lawyer should at all times be guided by a fundamental sense of honor, integrity, and fair play, and should counsel his or her client to do likewise. Goals: 2.1 A lawyer should not impose arbitrary or unreasonable deadlines for action by others. 2.2 A lawyer should not make scheduling decisions with the motive of limiting opposing counsel’s opportunity to prepare or respond. 2.3 A lawyer should not unreasonably oppose an adversary’s application for an order or an adversary’s request to insert a term or provision in a document. 2.4 A lawyer should never permit nonlawyer support personnel to communicate with a judge or judicial officer on any matters pending before the judge or officer or with other court personnel except on scheduling and other ministerial matters. 2.5 A lawyer should notify opposing counsel of all communications with the court or other tribunal, except those involving only scheduling or clerical matters. 2.6 When submitting any writ-ten communication to a court or other tribunal, a lawyer should provide opposing poraneously, and sufficiently in advance of any related hearing to assure both the court and opposing counsel have a reasonable opportunity to review it beforehand. 2.7 A lawyer should promptly comply with requests to prepare proposed orders. 2.8 When scheduling hearings and other adjudicative proceedings, a lawyer should request an amount of time that is truly calculated to permit full and fair presentation of the matter to be adjudicated and to permit equal response by the lawyer’s adversary. 2.9 A lawyer should immediately notify all counsel of any hearing time that the lawyer has reserved with the court or tribunal. 2.10 When there has been pretrial disclosure of trial witnesses, a lawyer should make a reasonable, good-faith effort to identify those witnesses whom the lawyer believes are reasonably likely to be called to testify. 2.11 During trials and evidentiary hearings the lawyers should mutually agree to disclose the identities, and duration of witnesses anticipated to be called that day and the following day, including depositions to be read, and should cooperate in sharing with opposing counsel all visual-aid equipment. 2.12 When there has been pretrial disclosure of trial exhibits, a lawyer should make a reasonable good-faith effort to identify those exhibits that the lawyer believes will be proffered into evidence. 2.13 A lawyer should not mark on or alter exhibits, charts, graphs, and diagrams without opposing counsel’s permission or leave of court. 2.14 A lawyer should abstain from conduct calculated to detract or divert the fact-finder’s attention from the relevant facts or otherwise cause it to reach a decision on an impermissible basis. 3. Honesty and Candor Ideal: A lawyer’s word should be his or her bond. The lawyer should not knowingly misstate, distort, or improperly exaggerate any fact or opinion and should not improperly permit the lawyer’s silence or inaction to mislead anyone. Goals: 3.1 In drafting a proposed letter of intent, the memorialization of an oral agreement or a written contract reflecting an agreement reached in concept, a lawyer should draft a document that fairly reflects the agreement of the parties. 3.2 In drafting documents, a lawyer should point out to opposing counsel all changes that the lawyer makes or causes to be made from one draft to another. 3.3 A lawyer should not withhold information from a client to serve the lawyer’s own interest or convenience. 4. Fair and Efficient Administration of Justice Ideal: A lawyer should always conduct himself or herself to assure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and resolution of every controversy. Goals: 4.1 A lawyer should endeavor to achieve the client’s lawful objectives as economically and expeditiously as possible. 4.2 A lawyer should counsel the client concerning the benefits of mediation, arbitration, and other alternative methods of resolving disputes. 4.3 A lawyer should counsel the client to consider and explore settlement in good faith. 4.4 A lawyer should accede to reasonable requests for waivers of procedural formalities when the client’s legitimate interests are not adversely affected. 4.5 A lawyer should not invoke a rule for the purpose of creating undue delay. 4.6 A lawyer should never use discovery for the purpose of harassing or improperly burdening an adversary or causing the adversary to incur unnecessary expense. 4.7 A lawyer should frame reasonable discovery requests tailored to the matter at hand. 4.8 A lawyer should assure that responses to proper requests for discovery are timely and complete and are consistent with the obvious intent of the request. 4.9 In civil cases, a lawyer should stipulate all facts and principles of law which are not in dispute, and should promptly respond to requests for stipulations of fact or law. 4.10 After consulting with the client, a lawyer should voluntarily withdraw claims defenses when it becomes apparent that they are without merit, are superfluous or merely cumulative. 4.11 A lawyer should appear at a hearing before a court or other tribunal fully prepared to submit the matter at issue to the court or tribunal for adjudication. 4.12 A lawyer should not use the post-hearing submission of proposed orders as a guise to argue or reargue the merits of the matter to be determined. 4.13 A lawyer should not request rescheduling, cancellations, extensions, and postponements without legitimate reasons and never solely for the purpose of delay or obtaining unfair advantage. 5. Courtesy Ideal: A lawyer should treat all persons with courtesy and respect and at all times abstain from rude, disruptive and disrespectful behavior. The lawyer should encourage the lawyer’s clients and support personnel to do likewise even when confronted with rude, disruptive and disrespectful behavior. 6. Respect for the Time and Commitments of Others Ideal: A lawyer should respect the time and commitments of others. Goals: 6.1 Before scheduling a hearing on any motion or discovery objection, a lawyer should endeavor to resolve or narrow the issue at hand. 6.2 In scheduling depositions upon oral examination, a lawyer should allow enough time to permit the conclusion of the deposition, including examination by all parties, without adjournment. 6.3 Unless circumstances compel more expedited scheduling, a lawyer should endeavor to provide litigants, witnesses, and other affected persons or parties with ample advance notice of hearings, depositions, meetings, and other proceedings, and whenever practical, schedule such activities at times that are convenient to all interested persons. 6.4 A lawyer should accede to all reasonable requests for scheduling, rescheduling, cancellations, extensions, and postponements that do not prejudice the client’s opportunity for full, fair and prompt consideration and adjudication of the client’s claim or defense. 6.5 Upon receiving an inquiry concerning a proposed time for a hearing, deposition, meeting, or other proceeding, a lawyer should promptly agree to the proposal or offer a counter suggestion. 6.6 A lawyer should call potential scheduling conflicts or problems to the attention of those affected, including the court or tribunal, as soon as they become apparent to the lawyer. 6.7 A lawyer should avoid last-minute cancellations of hearings, depositions, meetings, and other proceedings. 6.8 A lawyer should promptly notify the court or tribunal of any resolution by the parties that renders a scheduled court appearance unnecessary. 6.9 A lawyer should be punctual in attending all court appearances, depositions, meetings, conferences, and other proceedings. 6.10 A lawyer should respond promptly to inquiries and communications from clients and others. 7. Independence of Judgment Ideal: A lawyer should exercise independent judgment and should not be governed by a client’s ill will or deceit. Goals: 7.1 A lawyer should counsel the client or prospective client, even with respect to a meritorious claim or defense, concerning the public and private burdens of pursuing the claim as compared with the benefits to be achieved. 7.2 A lawyer should at all times provide the client with objective evaluations and advise without purposefully understating or overstating achievable results or otherwise creating unrealistic expectations. 7.3 A lawyer should not permit the client’s ill will toward an adversary, witness, or tribunal to become that of the lawyer’s. 7.4 A lawyer should counsel the client against the use of tactics designed: (a) to hinder or improperly delay the process involved; or (b) to embarrass, harass, intimidate, improperly burden, or oppress an adversary, party or any other person and should withdraw from representation if the client insists on such tactics. 7.5 In contractual and business negotiations, a lawyer should counsel the client concerning what is reasonable and customary under the circumstances.

Government Merit Systems

Elimination of Merit Systems For many reasons, merit based civil service systems have come under assault and yet at the same time have been hailed. Merit systems do however attempt and achieve many important objectives including ensuring that an effective workforce is attracted and maintained by providing protections against arbitrary termination and by attempting to avert politically influenced hiring and promotions. Notwithstanding, the way merit systems go about attracting a workforce and the varied protections against termination are the cause of antipathy. Many would agree that a better civil service system is needed. This better civil service system should reward good service and punish bad or mediocre service with dismissal or no promotion. Equally important, this new system has to have a process to hire quality employees quickly. However, this better system needs to have all the mechanisms that are in the current merit systems to protect against corruption. This paper argues in favor of eliminating both merit system protections and merit in hiring and promotions, while at the same time evaluating the various arguments against merit systems. In public administration literature, it is argued that in order for the bureaucracy to be both efficient and effective, it has to be staffed by tenured bureaucrats who feel relatively secure in their positions and receive adequate compensation. The bureaucracy attains its power from the experience of its workforce. Indeed, the bureaucracy is made up of â€Å"seasoned and knowledgeable ‘old hands'† who have molded relations with organizations and government itself (Kaufman 2001, 8-42). Therefore, if returning to a spoils system results in arbitrary terminations the bureaucracy would be robbed of the most experienced administrators who bestow effectiveness within an agency. An important point regarding the removal of protections against arbitrary terminations is made by Charles T. Goodsell who argues that removing protections causes an â€Å"Am I Next? † mindset to occur where employees agonize over the threat of termination and which in itself can result in diminished effectiveness (1998, 653-660). In a related way to the â€Å"Am I Next? † syndrome is a breakdown of the â€Å"politics administration dichotomy† where administrators fearing termination would only perform those duties to please the administration (Durant 1998, 643-653). Accordingly, a break down in the â€Å"politics administration dichotomy† would seem to some to signal an increase in corruption and overall unethical behavior. Corruption is one of the big factors for the creation and continuance of a merit system. Those opposed to removing merit factors cite the abuses that occurred in the nineteenth century prior to the Pendleton Act. Also, tenured civil servants are necessary to assure that political appointees obey the law† (Maranto 1998, 623-643). Speaking about this was a Washington journalist, who argued that it was tenured civil servants of the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation who blew the whistle during the Watergate scandal and for this purpose tenured civil servant are needed to serve alongside appointees (Maranto 1998, 623-643). However, Robert Maranto who is a proponent of a alternative systems, points out several occurrences where tenured civil servants and political appointees worked together, such as in the Department of Housing and Urban Development scandals during the Regan administration. Specifically, Maranto argues that when any organization, private or public is under investigation â€Å"it reacts by closing ranks to outsiders and shunning suspected whistle-blowers† (1998, 623-643). Using this rationale, it could appear that having no tenure protections is the same as having tenure protections with regard to whistle-blowing. Maranto furthers the argument of corruption stating that â€Å"regular rotation of some political officials as ‘in-and-outers' helps uncover scandals because incoming appointees are not tied to existing corrupt practices, can claim credit for ending them, are not as protective of organization reputation, and have sufficient political pull outside the organization to weather attacks of those within† (1998, 623-643). Indeed, as pointed out by Maranto, the scandals of Andrew Jackson's administration had actually begun under the previous administration and were uncovered by Jackson appointees. Another argument offered by Murray was that to cite the difficulties presidents Clinton, Bush (1st), Regan and Carter had in filling executive branch positions that required presidential appointments. His argument is that if an administration is unable to fill important political positions than it is doubtful an administration â€Å"will put much urgency in finding a nominee for positions currently filled by career bureaucrats† (1998, 70-677). His argument was meant to conclude that if there is a weak administration many positions will go unfilled and result in diminished effectiveness. Nonetheless, his argument against a spoils system citing a weak presidency is apt in arguing that there will not be a massive partisan termination following elections. Moreover, there have been several Supreme Court rul ings which prohibit hiring, promotion, termination and even the awarding of contracts based on politics. Eisenhart distinguishes between five categories of public sector employees: 1)full-time permanent employees protected by some form of civil service system; 2) at-will employees who can be fired at anytime for any reason so long as the reason is not illegal; 3) contractual employees; 4) temporary employees; and 5) independent contractors (Eisenhart 1998, 58-69). These five categories of employees within the public sector are covered by Supreme Court rulings. In 1976, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Elrod v. Bums (427 U. S. 347) that it was unconstitutional for the newly elected Democratic Sheriff of Cook County to dismiss all employees who were hired under the previous Republican administration whose positions were not in policymaking areas where political loyalty would be required. Another ruling by the U. S. Supreme Court was in 1990, Rutan v. The Republican Party of Illinois (497 U. S. 62). The U. S. Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for the Republican governor of Illinois to require applicants for hire, promotion, transfer and recall from layoff to obtain recognition from the Republican Party of Illinois prior to service. In 1996, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the Rutan decision applied to temporary employees as well. For several reasons it is unlikely an administration would commence large scale terminations after each new election. Even with a return to a spoils system an administration would not introduce massive terminations of productive workers for several reasons. First, as Kernell and McDonald argue, â€Å"the new breed of office-holding politicians who entered Congress at the end of the nineteenth century saw greater electoral payoffs from providing direct services to their constituencies than from subsidizing local party organizations. Thus they eschewed patronage for the merit system† (Ruhil and Camoes 2003, 27-43). This reflects twenty-first century American society more than it did in the nineteenth century. Also, the expensiveness of mass terminations would prevent government from mass terminations of productive employees. As argued by Kellough and Osuna â€Å"turnover also holds the potential for enormous organizational costs, including the direct costs of hiring and training new employees as well as significant in direct costs associated with lower productivity levels from newer employees and opportunity costs from situations requiring more experienced workers to provide task assistance to new colleagues (Kellough and Osuna 1995, 58-68). Indeed, research by the Saratoga Institute proposed that the replacement cost of an employee is between one and two times the individual’s salary. In another study by the Keener-Tregoe Business Issues Research Group it was estimated that it costs approximately $134,000 to replace a human resource manager in the automotive industry (Selden & Moynihan 2000, 63-74). For this reason it is just unlikely that government would commence with large scale terminations as those who are against the spoils systems contend. Equally important it is extremely expensive to run a merit system and as a result a lot of poorer states and local governments just cannot continue with the expansive hiring, promotion and discharge protocols. For instance, in a local government in the state of Michigan written test were administered to six hundred applicants for just a few vacancies, and followed up with oral examinations for all those found qualified by the written exam. It is argued that such a process is â€Å"neither practical nor an efficient use of limited government resources† (Leidlein 1993, 391-392). As a result a lot of states and local governments have tweaked their own merit systems resulting in abandonment of some merit principles or abandoning the principles all together. This situation is exemplified by Jay M. Shafritz, who argues that there is a â€Å"nether world of public personnel administration† which often exists to circumvent the maze of merit systems (1974, 486-492). For instance, in both the city of New Haven, Connecticut and the state of Idaho the personnel systems there were so time consuming they begun hiring temporaries in an effort to speed the process (Jorgensen et al. 1996, 5-20). Moreover, in Florida, Georgia and Virginia merit principles have been removed and have resulted in efficient government activities. For example, in the state of Georgia, merit protections have been removed entirely for state civil servants hired after June 30, 1996; employees hired prior to July 1, 1996 are still covered by the traditional merit system protections. In the state of Florida, merit protections were removed for all state civil servants on May 14, 2001. The result is in both Georgia and Florida, â€Å"civil servants can be hired, promoted, disciplined and fired quickly and with relative impunity; they [civil servants] accrue no seniority and therefore have no bumping rights whatsoever† (Walters 2003, 34-80). Nonetheless, in regards to Florida’s new civil service system, Mark Neimeiser, from Council 79 for the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees which represents most of the state’s rank-and-file employees states that: It [Florida’s new system] exposes state workers who enforce regulations and license businesses and professionals to the risk of retribution for pursuing cases against politically well-connected Floridians. Second, it leaves higher-salaried senior staff exposed to the whims of departmental budget cutters who, like a sports-team owner trying to meet a salary cap, might be tempted to off-load more senior, high-paid staff just to save money, regardless of what it means by way of institutional brain drain or employee morale (Walters 2003, 34-80). However, according to Walters it seems that their concerns are valid. He details how there are several former employees who blew the whistle and were terminated for political reasons, either because they took regulatory action against an ally of the governor or because they were Democrats. Notwithstanding, Walters does point out that â€Å"Depending on one's view of the spoils system and what it ought to deliver to whom, such stories are either shocking or just par for the political course and no different than stories that filter out of Albany, Springfield or Sacramento whenever there's a change of party, regardless of the civil service rules† (Walters 2003, 34-80). Nevertheless, Walters does point out that there is ample evidence showing that there was widespread removal of long time employees in various Florida agencies. Yet, he does note that most of the laid-off employees were given the option of taking other jobs in government. According to AFSCME, the jobs offered typically represented demotions in both rank and pay. For example, a group of employees in the Department of Business and Professional Regulation were terminated, then allowed to reapply for jobs paying 25 percent less (Walters 2003, 34-80). As pointed out previously, one of the necessary factors for retaining workers is relative job security. And as such if termination protections are removed, it is believed a large turnover in the bureaucracy would occur (Godsell 1998, 653-660). However, a study on turnover in state government which specifically studied the environmental, organizational, and individual factors for turnover found that one determinant that prevented large turnovers was pay increases and promotions (Selden & Moynihan 2000, 63-74). Charles W. Gossett conducted a survey in the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice testing hypotheses on organizational loyalty, job mobility, and performance responsiveness between the workers covered by those hired after June 30, 1996 who has no civil service protections and those hired prior to July 1, 1996 whom still are covered by civil service protections (2003, 267-278). Some of Gossett's findings were that there were no substantial differences between the protected and un-protected civil servants in voluntary turnover and concern for the agency. However, Gossett's research did determine that un-protected workers are more willing to seek promotion within the agency and view themselves as needing to be more responsive to management because they feel they can be disciplined for any minor infractions (2003, 277). The purpose of this essay was to argue against and examine the arguments against eliminating merit systems. Given the importance of achieving an efficient and effective public workforce, it is essential to know whether eliminating merit protections and procedures will result into a more efficient and effective workforce. From the literature, it appears that the elimination of merit systems pose no horrific menace. Most of the arguments against removing merit factors, center on effectiveness and efficiency. The opponents argue that the removal of merit factors will result in hiring, promotion and termination based on political considerations. However, there are numerous federal laws, state laws and court decisions to protect every possible category of employee employed by government. Also, as evidenced in Georgia, non-protected workers tend to be more responsive to management which is good because it increases the effectiveness of executive leadership. For this purpose, chief executives are able to deliver on their promises. Getting rid of merit principles also allows government to hire qualified individuals quickly and cost effectively. Works Cited Durant, Robert F. 1998. Rethinking the unthinkable: A cautionary note. Administration & Society 29 (January): 643-653. Gossett, Charles W. 2003. The changing face of Georgia's merit system: results from an employee attitude survey in the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice. Public Personnel Management 32 (Summer): 267-278. Hamilton, David K. 1999. The continuing judicial assault on patronage. Public Administration Review 59. (January): 54-62. Jorgensen, Lorna, Kelli Patton and W. David. 1996. Underground merit systems and the balance between service and compliance. Review of Public Personnel Administration 16 (Spring): 5-20. Kaufman, Herbert. 2001. Major players: Bureaucracies in American government. Public Administration Review 61. (January/February): 18-42. Leidlein, James E. 1993. In search of merit. Public Administration review 53 (July/August): 391-392. Maranto, Robert. 1998. Thinking the unthinkable in public administration: A case for spoils in the federal bureaucracy. Administration & Society 29 (January): 623-633. Ruhil, Anirudh V. S. and Pedro J. Camoes. 2003. What lies beneath: The political roots of state merit systems. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13. (January): 27-43. Selden, Sally Coleman and Donald P. Moynihan. 2003. A model of voluntary turnover in state government. Review of Public Personnel 20 (Spring) 63-74. Walters, Jonathan. 2003. Civil service tsunami. Governing 16 (May): 34-40. ________. 1997a. Who needs civil service. Governing 10 (August): 17-21. West, William E. and Robert F. Durant. 2000. Merit, management, and neutral competence: Lessons from the U. S. Merit Systems Protection Board, FY 1988-FY 1997. Public Administration Review 60 (March/April): 111-122. Cross-agency comparisons of quit rates in the Federal Service: Another look at the evidence Author: Kellough, J Edward; Osuna, Will Source: Review of Public Personnel Administration v15n4, (Fall 1995): p. 58-68 (Length: 11 pages) ISSN: 0734-371X Number: 01152472 Copyright: Copyright Institute of Public Affairs 1995 Shafritz, J. (1974). â€Å"The Cancer Eroding Public Personnel Professionalism. † Public Personnel Management 3, 3 : 486-492